Climate change threatens the planet’s water reserves, a resource that is vital to the proper functioning of our societies. In this century, which is none other than that of demographic explosion and urbanization, two phenomena that are themselves conducive to an increase in the world’s need for water, water is more than ever a central issue.
Our water security is at risk and the figures speak for themselves: 80% of the population is affected by forms of water insecurity while temperatures are expected to rise between 2.2 and 5.1 degrees¹. On the one hand, this global warming is disrupting the water cycle: water evaporation is accelerating and consequently the quantity available in the liquid state is decreasing. On the other hand, meteorological models are being pushed to their limits: rainfall is increasing in high latitudes while mid-latitudes are experiencing a decrease in precipitation.
Inevitably, these climate changes are impacting our food security. According to figures from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 600 million people will be food insecure due to climate change by 2080. This will add to the 821 million people already affected by the phenomenon. Already, a large part of freshwater resources (70% to 90% depending on the country) is devoted to agricultural activities. Needs will increase to ensure the growing production of biofuels. Yet crops, whether rainfed or irrigated, are struggling to adapt to the variability in rainfall caused by climate change. The lack of water in liquid form is compensated by a surplus of water vapour. The phenomenon is not insignificant since it explains, among other things, the intensification of extreme weather events. While droughts and floods are not new, their increasingly unpredictable and devastating nature is one of the manifestations of climate change.
These disruptions increase the vulnerability of populations and leave them destitute in the face of health and food risks. When sanitation systems are destroyed or inadequate, the risk of transmission of water-borne diseases is increased. In this respect, ensuring access to sanitation for all in complete safety is a major challenge for the future: 80% of the world’s wastewater is currently discharged into the environment without treatment. Human activities are also vectors of water pollution: nitrates, phyto-toxic algae, pathogens, various chemicals and microplastics found in 80% of freshwater sources². However, the current rise in water temperature favours the proliferation of this pollution. While the consequences of climate change accentuate global inequalities and imbalances, the decline in water quality is a phenomenon that knows no boundaries.
In the long term, and according to the conclusions of IPCC experts, our security is threatened by climate change. Climate change, whether caused by the search for arable land and water or by natural disasters, will affect 18 million people in 2018. By 2050, this figure will reach the level of 140 million people, according to the World Bank. These population movements, combined with water scarcity, are likely to rekindle tensions and conflicts. There is no doubt that human security in all its facets (water, food, health, energy) is affected by the changes in water.
In the face of these threats, SOLIDARITIES INTERNATIONAL intervenes to help populations endangered by crises while calling on the responsible actors to mobilize to provide a response commensurate with the risks and to leave no one behind.
¹5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2014
²Quality Unknown: The Invisible Water Crisis, Banque mondiale, 2019.
Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a humanitarian emergency because unsafe water and its diseases are a major cause of mortality. It is a priority because its scarcity leads to tensions between the various users and risks of conflict between communities and countries. It is also a duty for the countries that unanimously voted in 2015 at the United Nations for the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which include access to drinking water for everyone in the world by 2030. It is finally one of the necessary conditions for development.
We now know that the current trajectory is not the right one to achieve universal access to drinking water in 2030. We have 10 years left to meet these commitments. This is why we are dedicating this issue of Humanitarian Challenges to water and sanitation on the occasion of World Water Day on 22 March.
In March 2021, in Dakar, the 9th World Water Forum must be a major moment to remobilize the international community and water stakeholders. We have one year to achieve this. With this in mind, here is the exclusive interview with Abdoulaye Sene and Patrick Lavarde, co-presidents of the Dakar Forum.
Alain Boinet : Senegal wanted the 9th WEF to be different, even breaking with the previous ones. What are the reasons for this and what do you expect from it?
Abdoulaye Sene : Indeed, Senegal wants the 9th World Water Forum to be different from the previous ones, both in terms of organisation and content. We want the next Forum to be a historic forum in terms of results, a forum for concrete responses to the concerns of the populations. Moreover, we have launched the Dakar 2021 Initiative to bring our Senegalese and African touch to the 9th Forum. Beyond the political and diplomatic aspects, the 9th Forum must lead to concrete results and commitments to respond to the pressing challenge of the water and sanitation issue in Africa and the world.
Alain Boinet : You said that the 9th WEF should “build a forum of answers”. What do you mean by that?
Patrick Lavarde : The first World Water Forums helped to identify, publicise and share the sector’s major issues. Subsequent Forums have supported concrete advances such as the right to water or the need for a Sustainable Development Objective specific to the field of water. The Forums affirmed the political dimension of water issues and identified solutions to meet the challenges. The time has now come to focus on concrete responses to the challenges posed by water management by implementing these solutions in order to achieve the water-related targets of the Sustainable Development Objectives (SDOs) and thus meet the expectations of the most vulnerable populations.
Alain Boinet :Dakar will be the World Water Capital in March 2021. What do you think this means, for Senegal and Africa more generally?
Abdoulaye Sene : Dakar will host the 9th World Water Forum on behalf of Senegal and Africa. It will be the first time that a country in sub-Saharan Africa has hosted this major world water event. This Forum is therefore an important issue for both Senegal and Africa, where water issues are obviously much more pressing. For Senegal in particular, this means that its water diplomacy has borne fruit. It should be pointed out that our country stood out very early on for its regional and even continental leadership on water issues. Moreover, this forum is both an opportunity and a challenge in view of the many expectations and the importance of its organization.
Alain Boinet : The Dakar Forum defined four main priorities under the evocative theme of “Water Security for Peace and Development”. Why this link between water and peace?
Patrick Lavarde : Water security is a key issue for the future of the African continent. It is also a major issue for the world as a whole. Indeed, tensions related to water are increasing while demographic pressure is accelerating, urbanization is on the rise and climate change threatens areas that are already water-scarce. Without water security, development, food, health and education are at risk. Therefore, it is a major challenge for peace in all regions where water is at the heart of people’s security. In order to avoid conflicts between water users, between countries sharing the same resources, appropriate responses must be found.
Alain Boinet : How is the issue of water, sanitation and its various uses raised today in West and Central Africa?
Abdoulaye Sene : The issue of water and sanitation is very acute in West and Central Africa. It has become a major concern in these two regions of the continent, which live largely from agriculture and livestock. Increasingly, West and Central Africa is experiencing difficulties in meeting its water and sanitation needs. All this translates into public health problems and some of the water crises that these regions are experiencing, not to mention the recurrent conflicts between pastoralists and farmers. This means that the water problem has now become a source of insecurity for the populations. The continuous increase in population combined with the effects of climate change partly explains the difficulties of West and Central Africa to face the challenge of water and sanitation.
Alain Boinet : The Forum is an international event that is organized well in advance. What is the preparation architecture and how does it work?
Patrick Lavarde : The Forum is organized jointly by Senegal and the World Water Council, which have set up an International Steering Committee (ISC). Each of the four priorities is coordinated by a steering group of relevant institutions and co-chaired by a Senegalese and an international member of the ISC. The themes addressed within each of the priorities, which are related to the water-related targets of the SDOs, are prepared by an action group made up of specialized institutions. In order to involve the maximum number of stakeholders, each action group will rely on a broad consultative group of actors who will have volunteered through an international call for proposals.
Alain Boinet : How do you see the link between the 9th World Water Forum and objective 6 of the 2030 SDOs when UN Water underlined last year that the trajectory was not the right one to achieve the planned objectives?
Abdoulaye Sene : The Forum is indeed intended to be a catalyst for SDO 6. It is an opportunity to mobilise funding, to renew commitments, with a view to achieving SDO 6. If we don’t resolve this issue of achieving SDO 6, we won’t resolve any SDO. It must be said that all the SDOs are linked to SDO 6 in some form. It is true that the trajectory is not yet on a very good curve, but the commitments and expected outcomes of the Forum can help to reverse the trend and accelerate the achievement of the MDGs, in particular MDG 6 by 2030. Beyond SDO 6, the Dakar Forum will be connected to the water issues in Africa, in particular the continent’s Agenda 2063.
Alain Boinet : As co-chair of the international steering committee, you are looking for partners strategic for the Forum. Where do we stand and what do you expect from them?
Patrick Lavarde : The strategic partners provide specific support for the organisation of the Forum through an agreement signed with its organisers. This support can be at the level of the Forum as a whole, of one of the priorities or of one of the actions depending on the interest and capacities of the partner. The strategic partners participate, as appropriate, in the pilot or action groups. Some of these partnerships have already been formalized and many others are in the process of being finalized under the impetus of the Forum’s Executive Secretary.
Alain Boinet : What does the Dakar 2021 Initiative consist of and what do you expect from it very concretely?
Abdoulaye Sene : The Dakar 2021 Initiative is the major innovation of the 9th World Water Forum. Senegal has
through this program bring a specific touch to this event. The Dakar 2021 Initiative was officially launched on 16 January in Dakar. It is an operation generating commitments and actions to accelerate progress, particularly towards the achievement of the MDGs. The initiative aims, among other things, to label community projects targeting access to drinking water and decent sanitation. These labelled projects aim to achieve tangible results to be presented at the Forum in 2021.
Interview published in the Water Barometer 2020 by Solidarités INTERNATIONAL.
Biography of Patrick Lavarde :
General Engineer of Water and Forest Bridges, Patrick LAVARDE is a permanent member of the General Council for the Environment and Sustainable Development. He was Governor of the World Water Council (2012-2018) and President of the International Water Resources Association (IWRA) between 2016 and 2018. He contributed to the organization of the 6th World Water Forum in Marseille, notably as co-chair of the thematic commission, and was a member of the bureau of the international steering committee of the 8th Forum in Brasilia. He created the National Office for Water and Aquatic Environments of which he was Director General from 2007 to 2012. Between 1998 and 2007, he was Director General of the National Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences and Technologies. Prior to that, he held various responsibilities in the central and decentralized administration in the forest, water and agriculture sectors.
Biography of Abdoulaye Sene :
President of the national committee for the organization of the 9th World Water Forum, “Dakar 2021”. Chairman of the SOGEM/WHO Board of Directors (2013-2017). Founding President of the International Think-tank Global Local Forum. Member of Parliament and Chairman of the Commission for Development and Regional Planning of the National Assembly of the Republic of Senegal (2007-2012). President of the Regional Council of Fatick (2002-2009). Special Advisor to the Minister of Mines, Energy and Hydraulics of Senegal (2001-2002). Head of the Mission of Studies and Development of the Fossil Valleys (1994-2000). National Director of Hydraulics and Rural Engineering (1984 to 1994). Expert in Hydraulics, Climate Change, Decentralization, Governance and Local Development.
General Engineer of Water and Forest Bridges, Patrick LAVARDE is a permanent member of the General Council for the Environment and Sustainable Development. He was Governor of the World Water Council (2012-2018) and President of the International Water Resources Association (IWRA) between 2016 and 2018. He contributed to the organization of the 6th World Water Forum in Marseille, notably as co-chair of the thematic commission, and was a member of the bureau of the international steering committee of the 8th Forum in Brasilia. He created the National Office for Water and Aquatic Environments of which he was Director General from 2007 to 2012. Between 1998 and 2007, he was Director General of the National Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences and Technologies. Prior to that, he held various responsibilities in the central and decentralized administration in the forest, water and agriculture sectors.
President of the national committee for the organization of the 9th World Water Forum, “Dakar 2021”.
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