Category: Editorials

Ukraine: from war to humanitarianism!  

Leonivda Netchiboy, 49, reacts as she visits the grave of her husband, Pavlo, an enlisted Ukrainian soldier who was killed in an artillery strike near Kiev in March, in a cemetery in the village of Balabyne, on the outskirts of Zaporizhzhia, on April 30, 2022, the 66th day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. (Photo par Ed JONES / AFP)

In Ukraine, the war is concentrated in the East and in the South and it has just taken a major turn with the supply of tanks, cannons, planes, helicopters and the massive commitment of the United States with an aid of 33 billion dollars, including 20 billion in military aid.

At the same time, Russia has just cut off gas to Poland and Bulgaria and other countries will probably follow, with serious economic and social consequences, especially in Europe. But, let’s not forget, the main victim is the Ukrainian population facing a war of high intensity of destruction!

Humanitarian aid in times of emergency is triggered either by war, disaster or epidemic. It is by better understanding the conflict in terms of the objectives and means of the actors, in its possible duration on a territory, in its intensity that we can also anticipate and organize the best possible relief.

In Ukraine, the fighting is concentrated in the East with Vladimir Putin’s stated objective of taking over the entire Donbass and the South of the country, where a large Russian-speaking population lives, to establish territorial continuity with the Crimea already annexed in February 2014. Is he thinking of going as far as Odessa, thus depriving Ukraine of any outlet to the Black Sea, which would be catastrophic for it. This will probably depend on the outcome of the battle in Donbass.

If one looks at a map, the battlefield in the east on an 800 km front resembles a crescent that Russia seeks to close at both ends to encircle the bulk of the Ukrainian army by taking Sievierodonetsk and Lyssychansk, which are at the heart of the ongoing battle and are resisting. The other axis of the Russian offensive starts from the south in the direction of Pokrovsk to close the trap.

It is a decisive battle that began on April 18 and explains the decisions taken on April 26 at the American base in Ramstein, Germany, where more than 40 countries met under the leadership of the United States. Without heavy equipment and regular supplies, the Ukrainian army would be overwhelmed. This is why, in this war of attrition, the Russian air force is now bombing railway stations, railway junctions and bridges in the west to slow down the flow of military equipment from Poland, 1500 km from the Donbass front!

The human consequences are catastrophic for Ukraine and its population, which risks seeing the entire Donbass region methodically destroyed, as in Marioupol. According to Colonel Michel Goya, a military expert, the Russians are lining up 2200 artillery pieces and massively bombarding the front lines, cities and towns which are all bastions of resistance. Even before the offensive, the Ukrainian authorities encouraged the population to evacuate and seek shelter further west.

The destruction caused by this great war continues to grow and accumulate in a very short time. That is why the United Nations launched a new appeal on April 25 to anticipate humanitarian needs until the end of August and beyond. The numbers are just staggering. There are currently 15.7 million Ukrainians in need of relief. There will be 24 million in the coming months, more than half of the total population. The bombings are methodically destroying buildings and houses, hospitals and schools and now all the logistical infrastructure for supplies, not to mention the destruction of economic activities and the loss of jobs and especially human lives.

According to the FAO and FEWS NET (Famine Early Warning Systems Network), government estimates anticipate a loss of 22 to 50% of the agricultural production of this great cereal country. President Volodymir Zelensky recently declared that Ukraine needed 7 billion dollars each month! This shows the considerable dimension of the aid needs in Ukraine in the space of two months!

Humanitarian aid continues to grow and must expand its deployment in the East. The World Food Program (WFP) and its Ukrainian and international partners have delivered food and cash aid to 2.4 million people since February 24. UNICEF and its partners have provided access to clean water for 400,000 people and medical assistance for 850,000 people. The Cash Working Group (CWG) and its partners have distributed $44.6 million to 314,000 people.

Three trucks filled with essential items for the Ukraine with the involvement and in partnership with Transports Leleu @SOLIDARITES INTERNAITONAL

International humanitarian organizations have been active since February and some of them were already present in the Donbass since 2014-2015. But they are faced with constraints of time, logistical capacity, distance and coordination with Ukrainian civilian actors. Moreover, they must adapt and completely revise their way of operating. This is a high-intensity war that they are not used to. Even in Bosnia-Herzegovina, I can personally attest to the fact that between 1992 and 1995, the intensity was much lower and the conditions of access to the populations in danger much easier, even in Sarajevo. Secondly, the destruction is extremely rapid and large-scale, and they are overwhelmed by the scale of the needs, which are increasing every day. Finally, Ukraine is not a failed state.

On the contrary, it is an organized state with effective public services and great skills and capacities. Humanitarian organizations arrived while Ukrainians were deploying relief supplies all over the territory since the beginning. In Mykolaïv, a place of intense fighting and a Ukrainian lock to Odessa, the town hall has organized a regional humanitarian staff in charge of coordinating aid to the population which has to face new challenges such as the destruction by the Russians of the pumping pipes in the Boug river which has deprived the population of drinking water for weeks.

In this context, humanitarians must first come to support the civilian structures that are operating. Their specific added value should be added to and reinforce the Ukrainian structures (municipalities, public services, associations). NGOs must demonstrate their added value, which is real.

They must also ask themselves the question of humanitarian needs in the part of Donbass controlled by the pro-Russian separatists and the possibility of accessing them when Russia seems to have taken charge of the aid on the spot and in the zones that have passed under their control.

Two months after the beginning of this war, coming from Moscow where he had met Vladimir Putin, the UN Secretary General, Antonio Guterres, went to Kiev where he declared (link) “I also know that words of solidarity are not enough. I am here to focus on the needs on the ground and to intensify operations. While meeting with President Volodymyr Zelensky, two Russian cruise missiles were fired at Kiev. 

Secretary-General António Guterres (center) visits the residential areas of Irpin, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine. @UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe

The first hybrid war. This war uses all possible means well beyond the battlefield. From multiple economic sanctions, the exclusion of Russia from certain international organizations, cyberwarfare, information warfare and diplomacy, the suppression of sports events to the banning of artists, conductors, cultural events that border on unnecessary, humiliating and counterproductive discrimination.

The International Monetary Fund’s new Panorama on Growth and its chief economist, Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, sound the alarm. Under the effect of the war in Ukraine and soaring inflation, the IMF anticipates “a collapse of Ukrainian GDP by 35%”. It also estimates that “the sanctions will plunge Russia into recession (- 8.5%).

But this crisis will hit the whole world with a strong revision of GDP growth (production of wealth by country) with expected declines in growth of 1% (France) to 2.5% (Germany). Inflation is revised upwards with an average of 5.7% for advanced countries and 8.7% for the emerging and developing world. Soaring grain prices (wheat, corn, barley and staple foods) will have a strong impact in North Africa and the Middle East in particular. To the point that Kristalina Georgieva, Managing Director of the IMF, warns of food insecurity and the need for international coordination to address it.

A geopolitical tsunami.

The Ukrainian Minister of Regional Development, Oleksiy Chernyshov, told the daily Le Figaro (20.4.2022) that “14,000 residential buildings have been reduced to ruins, 1,100 schools damaged and more than 400 infrastructures (bridges, roads, railroads…) destroyed. That was before the new offensive on the Donbass!

We are now engaged in an escalation. How far will it go? Where is the red line of cobelligerence? Will the Russians open new fronts, which are not lacking, from Moldova to Georgia? Could there be a risk of a tactical nuclear demonstration? Not to mention that this is the first time a war has been fought in a country with 13 nuclear power plants! Although the diplomatic route is no longer a priority in the immediate future with the offensive on the Donbass, this is undoubtedly the meaning of President Macron’s two-hour telephone conversation with President Putin on May 3. What decision could Vladimir announce on May 9, the day of the victory over the Third Reich?

During his visit to Kiev, Antonio Guterres also said that Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine was a violation of the territorial integrity of Ukraine and the UN Charter. He added that the Security Council had failed to live up to its primary objective of preventing or ending the war. This is an understatement when Russia, one of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council, initiated this war with the benevolence of another member, China. After this failure, how will the UN come out of this war?

War in Eastern Ukraine, Krasnohorivka @Tatyana Tkachuk

We must remember and emphasize that this is the first inter-state war in Europe since 1945. We can think that after this great geopolitical shift, Europe and the world will never be like before. The seismic impact of this war is still in its infancy. How will the Merkel era be judged in the future? What will be the consequences of German rearmament? The European Union itself will be affected. It is the philosopher Paul Thibaud, former director of the magazine “Esprit”, a moderate mind, who writes in the newspaper Le Monde (23-24.2.2022): “…the new continental situation must be matched by a new configuration of the European Union, something like the “federation of nation-states” evoked by Jacques Delors”.

All the more so since we believe that a strategic hiatus is emerging between a Europe that supports Ukrainian independence in the face of Russia, which will always remain a neighbouring country for us, and the United States, which wants to defeat Russia and thus weaken China. The appeal of the President of the Republic, Emmanuel Macron, to the Russian President, Vladimir Putin, is undoubtedly part of this strategic perspective.

While waiting for the next step, where everything is possible, including the worst, a massive humanitarian solidarity must be our collective response to the human suffering in Ukraine, without forgetting the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and the war crimes committed in Boutcha, which could be reproduced elsewhere in this war that is likely to last.  

Alain Boinet.  

PS/ Your donation (make a donation) allows us to publish and develop Humanitarian Challenges, a free and independent website. Thank you for your support.  

With you, Défis Humanitaires celebrates its 60th edition

Malian refugee camp in M’Berra, Mauritania

Dear reader,

First and foremost, wherever you are, I wish you all the best for you and your family, for all your projects. With a fraternal thought for the humanitarian actors who come to the rescue of people in danger and accompany them in the emergency, to find autonomy and development.

Today we celebrate together the 60th edition of Défis Humanitaires since 2018, 4 years ago. In this beginning of 2022, it is time to reflect. Have we been faithful to our project and our mission? At the beginning, we set ourselves three main objectives: to promote humanitarianism, to understand the links between humanitarianism and geopolitics, and finally, to assess the major challenges and threats we face.

What is the outcome ?

Promoting and thinking about humanitarianism.

We found that while humanitarian aid is very popular in conflict, disaster and epidemic situations, most decision makers, journalists, parliamentarians and academics are not aware of its capacities and characteristics.

Humanitarianism is a little better known, thanks to annual reports such as the Global Humanitarian Assistance Report (GHAR), the UN Humanitarian Needs Report (OCHA), the last National Humanitarian Conference (CNH) in France in December 2020. But also thanks to the work of analysis and research centers, journals and humanitarian actors themselves. And Défis Humanitaires has contributed to this through its 60 editions and the publication of a study on humanitarian NGOs in France. However, observation reveals three weaknesses in the sector.

Firstly, the humanitarian sector does not manage to help all the populations in danger, even though they are well identified. Secondly, although the humanitarian sector has made considerable progress in its capacity to evaluate, target and finance its activities, it is too narrowly focused on its technical aspects, in an endless expansion that risks diluting it, and in its dependence on fashionable external ideologies, at the risk of moving away from its core activity, which is to provide access to populations in danger.

Moreover, humanitarianism is too self-centered with a simplifying vision of the world. The risk is to turn “beneficiaries” and “victims” into undifferentiated clients of aid, just as others, better off, are from the anonymous and lucrative consumer society.

We talk a lot about localization, a reality that has not yet found a fair and effective solution. We forget that localization should first be to consider that if we are one and the same humanity that requires our solidarity, this one is simultaneously constituted by a great diversity of peoples, languages, cultures, religions, ways of life, beliefs, ethnicities, nations and that to respect the dignity, especially of the most vulnerable, is to recognize and respect their own identity that is the salt of humanity, contrary to a great leveling and humanly impoverished supermarket.

Thinking about the link between humanitarianism and geopolitics.

Basically, any crisis, any conflict, any war is by nature political and these shocks lead to destruction and forced displacement of populations which require a humanitarian response. If humanitarian aid must apply its principles of political neutrality, impartiality of relief and independence of organizations to access populations in danger, the interest, the curiosity for the geopolitics of crises as for the peoples and nations that live them. This allows for a better understanding of the problems that arise to generate greater efficiency in relief efforts without politicizing them.

In 2021, I visited Armenia and Artsakh, the Armenian-populated enclave in Azeri territory. I also went to Northeast Syria, self-administered by a Kurdish-Arabic and Christian coalition, wedged between Turkey and the Damascus government. The observation is simple, in conflicts, the most threatened are always the minorities, the most vulnerable. My point here is to say that if the principle of humanitarian impartiality is to be applied, it must also assess where the greatest dangers lie for the people of both majority and minority communities. With particular attention to those minorities who are the most fragile.

As we publish this 60th edition of Défis Humanitaires, it seems to me that we have dealt well with this humanitarian-geopolitical issue, particularly in the Middle East, the Sahel or Afghanistan. Our limitations, in this field as in others, are rather those of our means, which I will come back to at the end of this letter.

Assess and document the major challenges and threats.

While we have covered the issue of access to water, sanitation and hygiene, a vital need that continues to be a growing global priority, to a lesser extent we have addressed the issue of food security and innovation. On the other hand, we have not sufficiently addressed climate change, its consequences in the lives of populations and the adaptation measures to be taken to protect ourselves. Likewise, although we regularly come back to the major issue of demography and its multiple consequences, the studies on this subject have not been on the scale of the challenge, particularly in Africa.

Positive results in terms of figures.

Défis Humanitaires has published 60 editions over the past four years, representing 220 articles and interviews that you can find in our archives, which constitute a database that can always be consulted. These articles and interviews were produced on a voluntary basis by a hundred or so authors whom we would like to thank warmly for their quality contribution.

During this period, between 2018 and 2021, the number of readers has quadrupled and the number of views has tripled. In 2021, the most read articles and interviews were those dedicated to the triple nexus, to global humanitarian aid, to Mali and the Sahel, to philanthropy, to the reflection on the nature of humanitarian aid, to the European Commission’s humanitarian aid with ECHO, and finally to the crisis in Afghanistan.

All this work has been done voluntarily. The strong growth in the number of readers is a clear sign of expectation, if not demand, and this encourages us and stimulates us to do even better. However, our capacities have reached their current limits, which we must surpass by 2022. We need your help to achieve this.

Défis Humanitaires in 2022.

Thank you for supporting Défis Humanitaires. Alain Boinet, President

This year, we will publish a monthly edition, seeking to update the topics you consult most. But also reports and testimonies from the field, a look back at past humanitarian crises with the benefit of hindsight. We would also like to publish the second edition of our “Study on humanitarian NGOs 2006-2020” which represents a very important work of collection, formatting and analysis useful to the entire humanitarian ecosystem, both to measure the development of the sector and its characteristics as well as to establish a state of the art on the security of humanitarians, the evolution of the sector, anti-terrorist laws and humanitarian exemption, the state of funding.

To carry out these projects, Défis Humanitaires, a free humanitarian website, needs your support (make a donation). To this end, I recently launched a crowdfunding campaign with the goal of raising 10,000 euros. At the beginning of January, we have already raised a third of this amount.  You can help me by becoming an actor of the Humanitarian Challenges project by making a donation (*). Whatever the amount, your donation (make a donation) is welcome and will concretely participate in a humanitarian mission useful to all.

I would like to thank you personally for your generosity and wish you a pleasant reading of this 60th edition. Thank you.

Alain Boinet.

President of Défis Humanitaires.

info@defishumanitaires.com

 

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(*) We do not benefit from the tax deduction although we are an association of general interest.